![]() ![]() Black arrows indicate links between infection sources and transmission routes. Potential plague transmission routes from human corpses. Plague has 3 main clinical syndromes: bubonic plague, which is characterized by inflammation of lymph nodes after a flea bite or scratch from an infected animal ( 11, 12) pneumonic plague, which is spread by inhalation of droplets from infected humans or animals and septicemic plague, which results from the hematogenous spread of bubonic or pneumonic plague ( 13).įigure 2. pestis through bites from infected fleas or animals, handling or ingesting infected animals or humans, or inhaling aerosolized droplets from infected tissues ( Figure 1) ( 6– 10). Caused by Yersinia pestis, a nonmotile, gram-negative coccobacillus, this zoonotic disease has its main reservoir in rodents ( 4, 5). Plague remains a threat in many parts of the world ( 2) and has been categorized by the World Health Organization as a reemerging disease ( 3). Plague is an ancient disease that has killed millions of persons including one third of the population of Europe during the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century ( 1). Orange arrows indicate causality of different. ![]() Reservoirs of Yersinia pestisand transmission routes leading to different forms of plague. ![]()
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